Evaluation of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal by natural loess using spectral induced polarization and microscopic characterization

Abstract

Mining and landfill activities can cause serious soil and groundwater contamination with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Loess soils are common and have been reported as effective for the removal of heavy metals. The spectral induced polarization (SIP) technique has been approved for its nondestructive ability to characterize the contaminant transport process and surface geochemical properties in porous media. In the present study, SIP was applied to monitor Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ removal processes using loess through column flow-through experiments. The outflow aqueous geochemical analyses indicated a better retention capability of loess for Pb²⁺, which was through precipitation induced by calcite dissolution and aqueous pH increment, as confirmed by SEM-EDS and XRD results. Cd retention took place mainly through ion exchange with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the loess surface. The SIP signals showed a continuous decrement on the magnitude of imaginary conductivity during both Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ flow-through, which was attributed to the total surface area and decrement of polarizable surface charges. The SIP signals differentiated the interactions between loess and Pb²⁺/Cd²⁺ by displaying a peak shift to a higher frequency on the imaginary conductivity spectra during Pb²⁺ flow-through, which was attributed to calcite dissolution and proved by the high correlation (R² = 0.9366) between the estimated dissolved calcite mass and the peak of imaginary conductivity. The above results suggest that loess has a great potential for field heavy metal remediation applications, and the SIP technique displays a promising capability of monitoring the remediation performance.

Keywords: Cadmium; Lead; Loess; Removal mechanism; Spectral induced polarization.