Validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian Women

Jason M Nagata; Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira; Chloe J Cattle; Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho; Vitoria Bagolin; Stuart B Murray; Emilio J Compte; Telma Maria Braga Costa; Sebastião de Sousa Almeida; Maria Fernanda Laus

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.003

Validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian Women

Body Image. 2022 Jun:41:58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.003. Epub 2022 Feb 25.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. Electronic address: jason.nagata@ucsf.edu.
² Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
³ Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
⁴ NICTA, Body Image and Eating Disorder Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil; AMBULIM, Eating Disorders Program, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵ Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁷ Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibá˜nez, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico.
⁸ Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

PMID: 35228104
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.003

Abstract

Despite high levels of body dissatisfaction and an increasing drive for muscularity among Brazilian women, most of the existing literature on muscle dysmorphia focuses on men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. As a result, one of the most widely used assessment tools for symptoms of the disorder, the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI), has not yet been evaluated in Brazilian women-an at-risk population. In the present study, we perform a psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the MDDI in a sample of 515 women. We evaluated the factor structure using a two-step, split-sample exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic approach, which supported the original three-factor structure of the measure. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability of the measure. Collectively, these results support the use of the measure in Brazilian women and provide a foundation to expand the literature in this population.

Keywords: Brazil; Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory; Muscle dysmorphia; Women’s health.

MeSH terms

Body Image* / psychology
Brazil
Female
Humans
Male
Muscles*
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Surveys and Questionnaires