Is Real-Time Microscopy on the Horizon? A Brief Review of the Potential Future Directions in Clinical Breast Tumor Microscopy Implementation

Abstract

We will briefly review the current paradigm and some recent developments in the area of clinical breast microscopy, highlighting several promising commercially available, and research-based platforms. Confocal microscopy (reflectance, fluorescence, and spectrally encoded), optical coherence tomography (wide field and full field), stereomicroscopy, open-top light sheet microscopy, microscopy with ultraviolet surface excitation, nonlinear microscopy, Raman scattering microscopy, photoacoustic microscopy, and needle microendoscopy will be discussed. Non-microscopic methods for breast pathology assessment are beyond the scope of this review. These microscopic technologies have to varying degrees the potential for transforming breast cancer care, but in order for any of these to be integrated into clinical practice there are several hurdles to overcome. In our review we will focus on what needs to be done in order for the commercially available technologies to become more established, what the technologies in the research domain need to do in order to reach the commercial realm; and finally, what the field of breast pathology might look like if these technologies were to be widely adopted.

Keywords: Breast pathology; Breast tumor; Confocal; Ex vivo microscopy; In vivo microscopy; Light sheet; MUSE; Microscopic breast imaging; Needle microendoscopy; Nonlinear; Optical coherence; PAM; Paradigm; Raman; Real-time microscopy; Review; Stereomicroscopy.