Applying height differentiation of tactile symbols to reduce the minimum horizontal distances between them on tactile maps

PLoS One. 2022 Feb 25;17(2):e0264564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264564. eCollection 2022.

Abstract

In this paper, we wanted to verify the hypothesis that extruding cartographic symbols on tactile maps to different heights might allow reducing the minimum (suggested in the literature) horizontal distances between them, without impacting the overall map's legibility. This approach might allow preparing tactile maps in smaller scales and thus, reducing production cost, or putting additional spatial information on the same map sheet that would not fit otherwise. To verify the hypothesis we have prepared 6 different stimuli variants with or without height differentiation applied and different horizontal distances between tactile symbols adopted (1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm). In the controlled study sessions with 30 participants with visual impairments we have measured the times required for solving 3 different spatial tasks on 3D printed tactile stimuli. We have also performed qualitative analysis to learn participants' opinions about the proposed design and materials used. It turns out that applying height differentiation not only results in shorter times required for solving spatial tasks but is also considered by blind individuals as a convenient improvement in terms of use comfort and allows reduction of recommended minimum horizontal distances between symbols on tactile maps.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Maps as Topic
  • Middle Aged
  • Pattern Recognition, Physiological
  • Printing, Three-Dimensional
  • Self-Help Devices*
  • Touch / physiology*
  • Visually Impaired Persons / psychology
  • Young Adult

Grants and funding

This research was funded by Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, grant number 531-4000-22-871/UGB/2021.