Desmopressin therapy in children and adults: pharmacological considerations and clinical implications

Abstract

Purpose: This review aims to provide prescribing clinicians a deeper appreciation of desmopressin's clinical indications and formulation types, to better balance efficacy and safety through proper formulation selection.

Background: Since its discovery 50 years ago, desmopressin's antidiuretic properties have been used for central diabetes insipidus, primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and adult nocturnal polyuria, while its coagulant effects are useful for mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand Disease. During this time, newer formulations of desmopressin have also been introduced to the market raising questions on interchangeability, dose conversion and safety. The wide array of clinical indications and variable pharmacokinetic properties of different desmopressin preparations raises the possibility of medication error, especially the risk of hyponatraemia.

Methodology: A narrative review to explore clinically relevant aspects of desmopressin therapy, synthesising information obtained from searches of published literature.

Results: We identified that the risk factors for developing hyponatremia include extremes of age, existing comorbidity, drug interaction, intranasal formulations and intercurrent illness. We describe the dose equivalence between all formulations to facilitate conversion. We highlight that in view of inter-subject variability, close monitoring is recommended when switching preparations. We found that paediatric data remains limited, leading to recent proposals for age- and weight-based dosing regimens.

Conclusion: The risk of hyponatremia, albeit small, can be reduced by adhering to the indication-specific doses and taking steps to govern the safe prescription of the drug. Further paediatric clinical trials are awaited to expand the evidence base of childhood desmopressin therapy.

Keywords: Children; DDAVP; Desmopressin; Intranasal; MELT; Oral lyophilisates; PD; PK; Paediatric; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics.