Nanotechnology in medical applications, especially in oncology as drug delivery systems, has recently shown promising results. However, although these advances have been promising in the pre-clinical stages, the clinical translation of this technology is challenging. To create drug delivery systems with increased treatment efficacy for clinical translation, the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, shape, elasticity (flexibility/rigidity), surface chemistry, and surface charge can be specified to optimize efficiency for a given application. Consequently, interdisciplinary researchers have focused on producing biocompatible materials, production technologies, or new formulations for efficient loading, and high stability. The effects of design parameters can be studied in vitro, in vivo, or using computational models, with the goal of understanding how they affect nanoparticle biophysics and their interactions with cells. The present review summarizes the advances and technologies in the production and design of cancer nanomedicines to achieve clinical translation and commercialization. We also highlight existing challenges and opportunities in the field.
Keywords: CFL, Cell-free layer; CGMD, Coarse-grained molecular dynamic; Clinical translation; DPD, Dissipative particle dynamic; Drug delivery; Drug loading; ECM, Extracellular matrix; EPR, Permeability and retention; IFP, Interstitial fluid pressure; MD, Molecular dynamic; MDR, Multidrug resistance; MEC, Minimum effective concentration; MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinases; MPS, Mononuclear phagocyte system; MTA, Multi-tadpole assemblies; MTC, Minimum toxic concentration; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticle design; RBC, Red blood cell; TAF, Tumor-associated fibroblast; TAM, Tumor-associated macrophage; TIMPs, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; TME, Tumor microenvironment; Tumor microenvironment.
© 2022 The Authors.