Long COVID 12 months after discharge: persistent symptoms in patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 and patients hospitalised due to other causes-a multicentre cohort study

Mario Rivera-Izquierdo; Antonio Jesús Láinez-Ramos-Bossini; Inmaculada Guerrero-Fernández de Alba; Rocío Ortiz-González-Serna; Álvaro Serrano-Ortiz; Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez; Rafael Ruiz-Montero; Jorge A Cervilla

doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02292-6

Long COVID 12 months after discharge: persistent symptoms in patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 and patients hospitalised due to other causes-a multicentre cohort study

BMC Med. 2022 Feb 23;20(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02292-6.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain. mariorivera@ugr.es.
² Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain. mariorivera@ugr.es.
³ Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain. mariorivera@ugr.es.
⁴ Service of Radiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
⁵ Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
⁶ Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
⁷ Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Group, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.

Abstract

Background: Long-term-specific sequelae or persistent symptoms (SPS) after hospitalisation due to COVID-19 are not known. The aim of this study was to explore the presence of SPS 12 months after discharge in survivors hospitalised due to COVID-19 and compare it with survivors hospitalised due to other causes.

Methods: Prospective cohort study, the Andalusian Cohort of Hospitalised patients for COVID-19 (ANCOHVID study), conducted in 4 hospitals and 29 primary care centres in Andalusia, Spain. The sample was composed of 906 adult patients; 453 patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 (exposed) and 453 hospitalised due to other causes (non-exposed) from March 1 to April 15, 2020, and discharged alive. The main outcomes were (1) the prevalence of SPS at 12 months after discharge and (2) the incidence of SPS after discharge. Outcome data at 12 months were compared between the exposed and non-exposed cohorts. Risk ratios were calculated, and bivariate analyses were performed.

Results: A total of 163 (36.1%) and 160 (35.3%) patients of the exposed and non-exposed cohorts, respectively, showed at least one SPS at 12 months after discharge. The SPS with higher prevalence in the subgroup of patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 12 months after discharge were persistent pharyngeal symptoms (p<0.001), neurological SPS (p=0.049), confusion or memory loss (p=0.043), thrombotic events (p=0.025) and anxiety (p=0.046). The incidence of SPS was higher for the exposed cohort regarding pharyngeal symptoms (risk ratio, 8.00; 95% CI, 1.85 to 36.12), confusion or memory loss (risk ratio, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.16 to 10.55) and anxiety symptoms (risk ratio, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.34).

Conclusions: There was a similar frequency of long-term SPS after discharge at 12 months, regardless of the cause of admission (COVID-19 or other causes). Nevertheless, some symptoms that were found to be more associated with COVID-19, such as memory loss or anxiety, merit further investigation. These results should guide future follow-up of COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge.

Keywords: Cohort study; Follow-up; Long term; Persistent COVID-19; Sequelae.

Publication types

Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
COVID-19* / complications
Cohort Studies
Hospitalization
Humans
Patient Discharge
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Prospective Studies
SARS-CoV-2