Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate four selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as modifiers of fluconazole activity against resistant strains of Candida glabrata.
Methods: The effect of SSRIs on fluconazole activity was studied using the checkerboard method against C. glabrata strains (CBS 138, CBS 850821, DSY 562, DSY 565, ATCC 22553 and ATCC 90030); fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) was calculated and time-kill curve was used for the most prominent combination for further evaluation.
Results: All used SSRIs have antifungal activity against the C. glabrata strains tested. A combination of fluconazole with fluoxetine or fluvoxamine showed indifferent effects (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] in all strains >1 but <4), whereas a paroxetine-fluconazole combination showed an additive effect against DSY565 and CBS138, known to express efflux pumps as well as on ATCC strain (0.5 < FIC < 1) with indifferent effect on other strains used. The most promising combination was that of fluconazole with sertraline (FICI ≤0.5), where a synergistic effect was observed against all resistant and susceptible dose-dependent strains, including those known to express efflux pumps. This synergistic effect was confirmed by time-kill curve assay against all resistant C. glabrata and ATCC strains with a >2-log10 CFU/mL reduction caused by combination compared with a single active agent of fluconazole after 24 hours of incubation. A sertraline-fluconazole combination produced an additive effect on the reference ATCC strain.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that blocking active efflux pumps by sertraline may be considered the probable mechanism of synergism with fluconazole. The combination of sertraline with fluconazole could be a promising remedy for treatment of infections caused by resistant C. glabrata.
Keywords: Candida glabrata; Checkerboard method; Fluconazole resistance; Serotonin inhibitors; Time–kill curve.
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