The rapid development and application of drone technology has included water sampling and collection of physiochemical data from lakes. Previous research has demonstrated the significant potential of drones to play a future pivotal role in the collection of such data from lakes that fulfil requirements of large-scale monitoring programmes. However, currently the utilisation of drone technology for water quality monitoring is hindered by a number of important limitations: i) the low rate of successful sample captured; ii) the relatively low volume of water sample retrieved for analyses of multiple water chemistry parameters; and critically iii) differences between water chemistry parameters when using a drone versus samples collected by boat. Here we present results comparing the water chemistry results of a large number of parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, true colour, chloride, silica, ammonia, total oxidised nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ortho-phosphate, total phosphorous and chlorophyll) sampled via drone with samples collected by boat in a number of lakes. The drone water sampling method used here is the first to collect a sufficiently large volume of water to meet the monitoring requirements of large scale water monitoring programmes, 2 L, at a 100% success rate and most crucially, with water chemistry variables that are not significantly different to those taken using traditional boat water sampling. This study therefore shows that drone technology can be utilised to collect water chemistry data and samples from lakes in a reliable, more rapid and cost effective manner than traditional sampling using boats, that is safer for personnel and poses less of a biosecurity risk.
Keywords: 2 L water sample; Aquatic environments; Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV); Water chemistry; Water framework directive (WFD).
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.