The importance and sensitivity of the time dimension in the emergency medical service (EMS) field have been widely recognized in recent years. However, the EMS spatio-temporal disparity remains partially uncovered in traditional accessibility measurements due to EMS's context-sensitive characteristics and demand specificity. In this study, we obtained dynamic traffic conditions and realistic EMS demand from online map services and historical emergency calls-out data, and then developed three location-based spatio-temporal EMS accessibility measurements. The empirical results demonstrate that the three different spatio-temporal EMS accessibility have a complex relationship, and are beneficial for measuring the EMS spatio-temporal disparity in different scenarios with distinct competitive effects. Ultimately, we emphasized four original EMS accessibility patterns, which helped us uncover significantly well-served or underserved areas. This study contributes to optimize the layout of EMS resources by understanding the regularity of EMS spatio-temporal disparity.
Keywords: Competitive effects; Emergency medical services; Location-based accessibility; Spatio-temporal disparity.
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