Tumor‑associated macrophage (TAMs) are paramount for tumor progression and immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment of various types of cancer, including liver cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition on TAM polarization and function during their interactions with macrophages and liver cancer cells. TAMs were induced by culturing M0 macrophages with cancer cell‑conditioned medium. TAMs cultured with cancer cell‑conditioned medium and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor were defined as modified TAMs, and the expression levels of TAM‑associated markers and VEGF receptor 2 were evaluated using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). The effects of TAMs and modified TAMs on cancer cell proliferation and migration were investigated using conditioned medium. Programmed death‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) mRNA expression in modified TAMs and cancer cells cultured in modified TAM‑conditioned medium (TAM‑CM) for 48 h was examined using RT‑qPCR. In order to investigate signaling pathways in macrophages, western blot analysis was performed. CD163 and CD206 and M2 macrophage marker expression was upregulated in TAMs and modified TAMs. Modified TAM‑CM exhibited a decreased ability to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in comparison with the use of TAM‑CM. The VEGF concentration was significantly higher in the TAMs than in M0 macrophages; however, the modified TAMs displayed a significantly lower VEGF secretion than TAMs. PD‑L1 expression was decreased in modified TAMs as compared with TAMs. Western blot analysis revealed that the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was significantly suppressed in the modified TAMs compared with TAMs. It was observed that TAMs cultured in a VEGF‑depleted environment displayed lower secretion levels of cytokines involved in tumor progression and a decreased immune tolerance‑inducing ability. On the whole, the results of the present study suggested that VEGF inhibition in TAMs may be a potential therapeutic target for liver cancer.
Keywords: PD‑L1; VEGF; liver cancer; tumor microenvironment; tumor‑associated macrophages.