Simultaneous Determination and Comparison of Phenolic Bioactives among Three Main Kinds of Edible Chrysanthemums

Abstract

In this study, we report a simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection method for simultaneous and quantitative analysis and comparison of major phenolic compounds dominant phytochemicals in Chrysanthemum morifolium, Florists chrysanthemum and snow chrysanthemum (Coreopsis tinctoria or C. tinctoria). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed phase C18 column with a mobile phase of water [containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)] and acetonitrile. The major phenolic compounds were completely separated within 16 min at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Flavonoid and phenolic acid profiles of the ethanol extracts of the three flowers were analyzed. The results revealed that C. tinctoria possessed the highest amount of flavonoids (flavanomarein, flavanokanin, marein and okanin) and relative lower content of phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicafeoylquinic acid). The total content of the four flavonoids in C. tinctoria reached 53.99 ± 1.32 mg/g. In particular, the marein content in C. tinctoria was as high as 36.50 mg/g. Flavanomarein was only detected in C. tinctoria, whereas chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicafeoylquinic acid were abundant in Chrysanthemum morifolium and Florists chrysanthemum. The content of marein in Chrysanthemum morifolium was slightly higher than that in Florists chrysanthemum, whereas no okanin was detected in Florists chrysanthemum under these high-performance liquid chromatography conditions. The results indicated phenolic components differ significantly depending on the cultivar, especially between C. tinctoria and common commercially available chrysanthemums. The method adopted in this study is helpful for quality control of different chrysanthemum species as well as their products, which is essential for usage and functionality clarification.