Outpatient Therapies for COVID-19: How Do We Choose?

Todd C Lee; Andrew M Morris; Steven A Grover; Srinivas Murthy; Emily G McDonald

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac008

Outpatient Therapies for COVID-19: How Do We Choose?

Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jan 19;9(3):ofac008. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac008. eCollection 2022 Mar.

Authors

Todd C Lee^{1

2

3}, Andrew M Morris⁴, Steven A Grover^{3

5}, Srinivas Murthy⁶, Emily G McDonald²

Affiliations

¹ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
² Clinical Practice Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
³ Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Sinai Health, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
⁶ Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Abstract

Background: Several outpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapies have reduced hospitalization in randomized controlled trials. The choice of therapy may depend on drug efficacy, toxicity, pricing, availability, and available infrastructure. To facilitate comparative decision-making, we evaluated the efficacy of each treatment in clinical trials and estimated the cost per hospitalization prevented.

Methods: Wherever possible, we obtained relative risk for hospitalization from published randomized controlled trials. Otherwise, we extracted data from press releases, conference abstracts, government submissions, or preprints. If there was >1 study, the results were meta-analyzed. Using relative risk, we estimated the number needed to treat (NNT), assuming a baseline hospitalization risk of 5%, and compared the cost per hospitalization prevented with the estimate for an average Medicare COVID-19 hospitalization ($21 752). Drug pricing was estimated from GoodRx, from government purchases, or manufacturer estimates. Administrative and societal costs were not included. Results will be updated online as new studies emerge and/or final numbers become available.

Results: At a 5% risk of hospitalization, the estimated NNT was 80 for fluvoxamine, 91 for colchicine, 72 for inhaled corticosteroids, 24 for nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, 50 for molnupiravir, 28 for remdesivir, 25 for sotrovimab, 29 for casirivimab/imdevimab, and 29 for bamlanivimab/etesevimab. For drug cost per hospitalization prevented, colchicine, fluvoxamine, inhaled corticosteroids, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were below the Medicare estimated hospitalization cost.

Conclusions: Many countries are fortunate to have access to several effective outpatient therapies to prevent COVID-19 hospitalization. Given differences in efficacy, toxicity, cost, and administration complexity, this assessment serves as one means to frame treatment selection.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antivirals; monoclonal antibodies; repurposed medications.