Overexpression of BACH1 mediated by IGF2 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis via IGF1R and PTK2

Theranostics. 2022 Jan 1;12(3):1097-1116. doi: 10.7150/thno.65775. eCollection 2022.

Abstract

Background: Accumulating studies manifest that BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) facilitates multiple malignancies progression and metastasis, and targeting the BACH1 pathway enhances antitumor efficacy. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of BACH1 promoting growth and metastasis and its therapeutic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Methods: The expression of BACH1 in human HCC specimens and HCC cell lines was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The invasiveness and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo were evaluated using transwell assays and orthotopic xenograft models. The luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to explore the transcriptional regulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) by BACH1. Results: BACH1 was prominently upregulated in human HCC samples and elevated BACH1 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and high recurrence rates of HCC patients. BACH1 facilitated growth and metastasis of HCC by upregulating cell motility-related genes IGF1R and PTK2. Notably, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), the ligand of IGF1R, in turn upregulated BACH1 expression through the IGF1R-ERK1/2-ETS1 cascades, thus forming a positive feedback loop to provoke HCC growth and metastasis. Moreover, combining IGF1R inhibitor linsitinib with PTK2 inhibitor defactinib prominently suppressed BACH1-mediated HCC growth and metastasis. Conclusions: These results demonstrated the tumorigenic and pro-metastatic role of BACH1 in HCC, which could be a promising biomarker for predicting poor prognosis and selecting patients who could benefit from combination therapy of IGF1R-targeted and PTK2-directed.

Keywords: BTB and CNC homology 1; Defactinib; Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; Linsitinib; Protein tyrosine kinase 2.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors* / biosynthesis
  • Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors* / genetics
  • Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors* / metabolism
  • Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* / genetics
  • Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* / metabolism
  • Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* / pathology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Movement / genetics
  • Cell Proliferation / genetics
  • Focal Adhesion Kinase 1* / genetics
  • Focal Adhesion Kinase 1* / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor II* / genetics
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor II* / metabolism
  • Liver Neoplasms* / genetics
  • Liver Neoplasms* / metabolism
  • Liver Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Neoplasm Metastasis
  • Receptor, IGF Type 1* / genetics
  • Receptor, IGF Type 1* / metabolism

Substances

  • BACH1 protein, human
  • Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors
  • IGF1R protein, human
  • IGF2 protein, human
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor II
  • Receptor, IGF Type 1
  • Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
  • PTK2 protein, human