Systematic review of the evidence for resolution of common breastfeeding problems-Ankyloglossia (Tongue Tie)

Abstract

Aim: Tongue tie is a common problem affecting breastfeeding due to poor infant latch and/or maternal pain. Evidence of whether treatment improves breastfeeding outcomes is conflicting. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effectiveness of tongue-tie treatment on breastfeeding difficulties.

Methods: We searched peer-reviewed and grey literature in MEDLINE (OVID), PubMed, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE and PsycINFO, from 01/1970 to 09/2019.

Inclusion: randomised and non-randomised clinical trials, and quasi-experimental study designs, involving breastfeeding interventions for full-term singleton infants, using standardised measure of breastfeeding difficulty.

Exclusion: qualitative and purely observational studies, lacked operational definition of breastfeeding difficulty, lacked control/comparison group. We assessed risk of bias, summarised study quality and results and conducted meta-analysis using random effects modelling.

Results: Six studies on tongue-tie division were included (4 randomised and 2 non-randomised). Meta-analysis of standardised mean differences in breastfeeding difficulty scores in four studies showed statistically significant differences in favour of frenotomy (Pooled SMD +2.12, CI:(0.17-4.08)p = 0.03). Similarly, a statistically significant difference in favour of frenotomy was observed for pain (Pooled SMD -1.68, 95% CI: (-2.87- -0.48).

Conclusion: Results support that infant frenotomy is effective for improving standardised scores on breastfeeding difficulty and maternal pain scales and could improve breastfeeding outcomes.

Keywords: ankyloglossia; breastfeeding difficulties; frenotomy; interventions; tongue tie.