Sudden Death in Diabetic Ketoacidosis Complicated by Sickle Cell Trait

Abstract

In a sudden death investigation of a service member with sickle cell trait (SCT), evidence of sickle cell crisis further complicated by coexisting, undiagnosed diabetic ketoacidosis called into question the synergistic effects of diabetic ketoacidosis on red blood cell sickling. Sickle cell trait affects more than 4 million people in the United States (US) with the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic Blacks (7%-9%; Mil Med 2017;182(3):e1819-e1824). The heterozygous state of sickled hemoglobin was previously considered a benign condition causing sickling during hypoxic, high-stress conditions such as exercise and high altitude ( Am Assoc Clin Chem 2017). However, research within the last decade shows evidence of sudden death among SCT patients ( J Forensic Sci 2011;56(5):1352-1360). It has been shown that the presence of sickled hemoglobin artificially lowers levels of hemoglobin A1c making it a less effective biomarker for red blood cell glycosylation over time in sickle cell patients ( JAMA 2017;317(5):507-515). The limited scope of medical understanding of the effects of SCT in combination with other comorbidities requires further investigation and better diagnostic criteria. The uniqueness of the US Military and its screening program for sickle cell disease (SCD) and SCT allows for more detection. Since May 2006, newborn screening for SCD/SCT has been a national requirement; however, anyone older than 14 years may not know their SCD/SCT status ( Semin Perinatol 2010;34(2):134-44). The previous absence of such national screening makes it more challenging to identify SCT and SCD patients even within high-risk populations. Furthermore, patients may not know or understand the results of their SCD/SCT status testing. International standards for the autopsy of decedents with SCD and SCT exist ( R Coll Pathol 2017). Within the US, testing of vitreous electrolytes is a common practice in suspected natural death cases, but a review of the US literature did not demonstrate any autopsy standards or recommendations for persons with SCT or high-risk persons for sickling pathologies. The identification of a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as the cause of death, is not uncommon; however, this case indicates that type 2 diabetes mellitus was not the sole contributing factor. It further illustrates that the US may be underestimating the impact of SCD and SCT as a cause of death, a contributing factor to death, and its synergistic effects with other pathologic processes. We propose a stringent literature review in conjunction with a review of international autopsy standards to develop national autopsy standards and possible SCT/SCD screening recommendations for high-risk persons at the time of autopsy.