An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach to Predict Fall Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: a Three-Year Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Background: Adverse health effects resulting from falls are a major public health concern. Although studies have identified risk factors for falls, none have examined long-term prediction of fall risk. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that there are additional risk factors, such as psychosocial factors.

Objective: In this 3-year longitudinal study, we evaluated a predictive model for risk of fall among community-dwelling older adults using machine learning methods.

Design: A 3-year follow-up prospective longitudinal study (from 2010 to 2013).

Setting: Twenty-four municipalities in nine of the 47 prefectures (provinces) of Japan.

Participants: Community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years who were functionally independent at baseline (n = 61,883).

Methods: The baseline survey was conducted from August 2010 to January 2012, and the follow-up survey was conducted from October to December 2013. Both surveys were conducted involving self-reported questionnaires. The measured outcome at the follow-up survey was self-reported multiple falls during the previous year. The 142 variables included in the baseline survey were regarded as candidate predictors. The random-forest-based Boruta algorithm was used to select predictors, and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm with 10 repetitions of nested k-fold cross-validation was used for modeling and model evaluation. Furthermore, we used shapley additive explanations to gain insight into the behavior of the prediction model.

Key results: Fourteen out of 142 candidate features were selected as predictors. Among these predictors, experience of falling as of the baseline survey was the most important feature, followed by self-rated health and age. Moreover, sense of coherence was newly identified as a risk factor for falls.

Conclusions: This study suggests that machine learning tools can be adapted to explore new associative factors, make accurate predictions, and provide actionable insights for fall prevention strategies.

Keywords: Boruta; eXtreme Gradient Boosting; fall prediction; psychosocial factors; random forest.