Normalized Brain Tissue-Level Evaluation of Volumetric Changes of Youth Athletes Participating in Collision Sports

Pratik Kashyap; Trey E Shenk; Diana O Svaldi; Roy J Lycke; Taylor A Lee; Gregory G Tamer; Eric A Nauman; Thomas M Talavage

doi:10.1089/neur.2021.0060

Normalized Brain Tissue-Level Evaluation of Volumetric Changes of Youth Athletes Participating in Collision Sports

Neurotrauma Rep. 2022 Jan 28;3(1):57-69. doi: 10.1089/neur.2021.0060. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Pratik Kashyap¹, Trey E Shenk¹, Diana O Svaldi², Roy J Lycke², Taylor A Lee³, Gregory G Tamer², Eric A Nauman³, Thomas M Talavage^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
² Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
³ School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Abstract

Observations of short-term changes in the neural health of youth athletes participating in collision sports (e.g., football and soccer) have highlighted a need to explore potential structural alterations in brain tissue volumes for these persons. Studies have shown biochemical, vascular, functional connectivity, and white matter diffusivity changes in the brain physiology of these athletes that are strongly correlated with repetitive head acceleration exposure. Here, research is presented that highlights regional anatomical volumetric measures that change longitudinally with accrued subconcussive trauma. A novel pipeline is introduced that provides simplified data analysis on standard-space template to quantify group-level longitudinal volumetric changes within these populations. For both sports, results highlight incremental relative regional volumetric changes in the subcortical cerebrospinal fluid that are strongly correlated with head exposure events greater than a 50-G threshold at the short-term post-season assessment. Moreover, longitudinal regional gray matter volumes are observed to decrease with time, only returning to baseline/pre-participation levels after sufficient (5-6 months) rest from collision-based exposure. These temporal structural volumetric alterations are significantly different from normal aging observed in sex- and age-matched controls participating in non-collision sports. Future work involves modeling repetitive head exposure thresholds with multi-modal image analysis and understanding the underlying physiological reason. A possible pathophysiological pathway is presented, highlighting the probable metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Continual participation in collision-based activities may represent a risk wherein recovery cannot occur. Even when present, the degree of the eventual recovery remains to be explored, but has strong implications for the well-being of collision-sport participants.

Keywords: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; cerebrospinal fluid; gray matter; head acceleration exposure; tissue volumetry; youth athletes.