Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, and finding a safe therapeutic strategy and effective vaccine is critical to overcoming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, elucidation of pathogenesis mechanisms, especially entry routes of SARS-CoV-2 may help propose antiviral drugs and novel vaccines. Several receptors have been demonstrated for the interaction of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), ephrin ligands and Eph receptors, neuropilin 1 (NRP-1), P2X7, and CD147. The expression of these entry receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) may make the CNS prone to SARS-CoV-2 invasion, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The present review provides potential pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the CNS, including entry receptors and cytokines involved in neuroinflammatory conditions. Moreover, it explains several neurodegenerative disorders associated with COVID-19. Finally, we suggest inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords:
Alzheimer’s disease; CD147; CNS; COVID-19; Cytokine; Ephrin; Inflammasome; Jak; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuropilin-1; P2X7; Parkinson’s disease.
© 2022. The Author(s).
MeSH terms
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / genetics
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / metabolism
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Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use
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Basigin / genetics
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Basigin / metabolism
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COVID-19 / genetics
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COVID-19 / metabolism
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COVID-19 / virology
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COVID-19 Drug Treatment*
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Central Nervous System / drug effects*
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Central Nervous System / metabolism
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Central Nervous System / virology
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Ephrins / genetics
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Ephrins / metabolism
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Gene Expression Regulation
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Host-Pathogen Interactions / drug effects
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Host-Pathogen Interactions / genetics
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Humans
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Immunologic Factors / therapeutic use
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Inflammasomes / drug effects*
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Inflammasomes / genetics
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Inflammasomes / metabolism
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Janus Kinase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Janus Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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Janus Kinases / genetics
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Janus Kinases / metabolism
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / drug therapy*
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / genetics
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / metabolism
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Neurodegenerative Diseases / virology
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Neuropilin-1 / genetics
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Neuropilin-1 / metabolism
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Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 / genetics
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Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 / metabolism
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Receptors, Virus / antagonists & inhibitors
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Receptors, Virus / genetics*
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Receptors, Virus / metabolism
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SARS-CoV-2 / drug effects*
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SARS-CoV-2 / genetics
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SARS-CoV-2 / metabolism
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SARS-CoV-2 / pathogenicity
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Signal Transduction
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Virus Internalization / drug effects*
Substances
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Antiviral Agents
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BSG protein, human
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Ephrins
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Immunologic Factors
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Inflammasomes
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Janus Kinase Inhibitors
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NRP1 protein, human
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P2RX7 protein, human
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Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
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Receptors, Virus
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Basigin
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Neuropilin-1
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Janus Kinases
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ACE2 protein, human
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2