Trypanosoma lewisi is a worldwide nonpathogenic parasite that is exclusively found in rats. In general, T. lewisi infection in humans is an opportunistic infection from rats to humans through fleas. However, recently, infection with T. lewisi in humans, including a fatal case, has been reported. Notably, rats living close to a human settlement showed a higher prevalence of infection with T. lewisi than those living in other places. It is possible that the urbanization is associated with the prevalence of T. lewisi in rats and enhances the risk of T. lewisi transmission to humans through fleas. In this study, a total of 88 rats were captured from hospitals, markets, and a cargo station, of which 81 were identified as Rattus norvegicus and 7 as Rattus rattus in Hanoi, the urbanizing city of Vietnam. Of these, 55 rats (62.5%) harbored T. lewisi, of which 52 were R. norvegicus and 3 were R. rattus.
Keywords: Trypanosoma lewisi; Vietnam; rat; zoonosis.