Polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers are essential for production of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC), facilitating particle dispersion through electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance. This study examines for the first time the effect of changes in pH, ionic strength, and charge on the adsorption/desorption behavior of a polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer on silica fume in aqueous chemistries common in low-CO2 UHPC. Data from total organic carbon measurements, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements reveal the silica surface chemistry and electrokinetic properties in simulated UHPC. Addition of divalent cations (Ca2+) results in polycarboxylate adsorption on silica fume via (i) adsorption of Ca2+ ions on the silica surface and a negative zeta potential of lower magnitude on the silica surface and (ii) reduction of polycarboxylate anionic charge density due to complexation with Ca2+ ions and counter-ion condensation. Addition of OH- ions results in polycarboxylate desorption via deprotonation of silanol groups and a negative zeta potential of greater magnitude on the silica surface. Simultaneous addition of both Ca2+ and OH- results in rapid polycarboxylate desorption via (i) formation of an electric double layer and negative zeta potential on the silica surface and (ii) an increase in polycarboxylate anionic charge density due to deprotonation of the carboxylate groups in the polymer backbone, complexation with Ca2+ ions, and counter-ion condensation. This provides an explanation for the remarkable fluidizing effect observed upon addition of small amounts (1.0 wt %) of a solid, powdered Ca source to fresh, low-CO2, UHPC, which exhibits significantly higher fresh state pH (>13) than those based on Portland cement (pH 11).