Cell-free DNA screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 in pregnancies at low and high risk for aneuploidy with genetic confirmation

Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Aug;227(2):259.e1-259.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.01.019. Epub 2022 Jan 25.

Abstract

Background: Cell-free DNA noninvasive prenatal screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 has been rapidly adopted into clinical practice. However, previous studies are limited by a lack of follow-up genetic testing to confirm the outcomes and accurately assess test performance, particularly in women at a low risk for aneuploidy.

Objective: To measure and compare the performance of cell-free DNA screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 between women at a low and high risk for aneuploidy in a large, prospective cohort with genetic confirmation of results STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter prospective observational study at 21 centers in 6 countries. Women who had single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based cell-free DNA screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 were enrolled. Genetic confirmation was obtained from prenatal or newborn DNA samples. The test performance and test failure (no-call) rates were assessed for the cohort, and women with low and high previous risks for aneuploidy were compared. An updated cell-free DNA algorithm blinded to the pregnancy outcome was also assessed.

Results: A total of 20,194 women were enrolled at a median gestational age of 12.6 weeks (interquartile range, 11.6-13.9). The genetic outcomes were confirmed in 17,851 cases (88.4%): 13,043 (73.1%) low-risk and 4808 (26.9%) high-risk cases for aneuploidy. Overall, 133 trisomies were diagnosed (100 trisomy 21; 18 trisomy 18; 15 trisomy 13). The cell-free DNA screen positive rate was lower in the low-risk vs the high-risk group (0.27% vs 2.2%; P<.0001). The sensitivity and specificity were similar between the groups. The positive predictive value for the low- and high-risk groups was 85.7% vs 97.5%; P=.058 for trisomy 21; 50.0% vs 81.3%; P=.283 for trisomy 18; and 62.5% vs 83.3; P=.58 for trisomy 13, respectively. Overall, 602 (3.4%) patients had no-call result after the first draw and 287 (1.61%) after including cases with a second draw. The trisomy rate was higher in the 287 cases with no-call results than patients with a result on a first draw (2.8% vs 0.7%; P=.001). The updated algorithm showed similar sensitivity and specificity to the study algorithm with a lower no-call rate.

Conclusion: In women at a low risk for aneuploidy, single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based cell-free DNA has high sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value of 85.7% for trisomy 21 and 74.3% for the 3 common trisomies. Patients who receive a no-call result are at an increased risk of aneuploidy and require additional investigation.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02381457.

Keywords: aneuploidy; cell-free DNA; prenatal screening; trisomy.

Publication types

  • Multicenter Study
  • Observational Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aneuploidy
  • Cell-Free Nucleic Acids*
  • Chromosome Disorders* / diagnosis
  • Chromosome Disorders* / genetics
  • Down Syndrome* / diagnosis
  • Down Syndrome* / genetics
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Nucleotides
  • Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy Outcome
  • Prenatal Diagnosis / methods
  • Prospective Studies
  • Trisomy 13 Syndrome / diagnosis
  • Trisomy 13 Syndrome / genetics
  • Trisomy 18 Syndrome / diagnosis
  • Trisomy 18 Syndrome / genetics
  • Trisomy* / diagnosis
  • Trisomy* / genetics

Substances

  • Cell-Free Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleotides

Associated data

  • ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02381457