Use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to improve chimeric antigen-receptor T cell therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies

Abstract

Background: Chimeric antigen-receptor T (CAR-T) cells represent great promise in cancer treatment. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in preclinical studies has enabled the development of enhanced CAR-T products with improved function and reduced toxicity.

Methods: A systematic review of preclinical animal studies was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of this approach.

Results: 3753 records were identified (to September 9, 2020), with 11 studies using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in combination with CAR-T therapy against human cells in animal models of acute leukemia (four studies), glioma (two studies), melanoma (two studies), and other cancers (three studies). Compared with unedited controls, gene-edited CAR-T cells reduced tumor volume in treated animals and improved survival. No adverse side effects were reported. Use of allogeneic "third-party" CAR-T cells appears feasible. Improved efficacy was achieved through both knock-in and knockout gene editing of various targets implicated in immune function. Targeting multiple genes also appears feasible. Significant heterogeneity in study design and outcome reporting was observed, and potential bias was identified in all studies.

Conclusion: CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enables manufacturing of CAR-T cells with improved anti-cancer effects. Future studies should reduce unintentional bias and heterogeneity of study designs and strive to augment long-term persistence of edited cells.

Protocol registration: PROSPERO; registration number CRD42020220313 registered November 30, 2020.

Keywords: CAR-T therapy; CRISPR/Cas9; animal models; cancer; chimeric antigen receptor; gene editing; leukemia; meta-analysis; preclinical; systematic review.