Dipeptide production from extracellular proteins is crucial for Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen related to chronic periodontitis, because its energy production is entirely dependent on the metabolism of amino acids predominantly incorporated as dipeptides. These dipeptides are produced by periplasmic dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP)4, DPP5, DPP7, and DPP11. Although the substrate specificities of these four DPPs cover most amino acids at the penultimate position from the N terminus (P1), no DPP is known to cleave penultimate Gly, Ser, Thr, or His. Here, we report an expanded substrate preference of bacterial DPP7 that covers those residues. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that DPP7 efficiently degraded incretins and other gastrointestinal peptides, which were successively cleaved at every second residue, including Ala, Gly, Ser, and Gln, as well as authentic hydrophobic residues. Intravenous injection of DPP7 into mice orally administered glucose caused declines in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin, accompanied by increased blood glucose levels. A newly developed coupled enzyme reaction system that uses synthetic fluorogenic peptides revealed that the P1' and P2' residues of substrates significantly elevated kcat values, providing an expanded substrate preference. This activity enhancement was most effective toward the substrates with nonfavorable but nonrepulsive P1 residues in DPP7. Enhancement of kcat by prime-side residues was also observed in DPP11 but not DPP4 and DPP5. Based on this expanded substrate specificity, we demonstrate that a combination of DPPs enables proteolytic liberation of all types of N-terminal dipeptides and ensures P. gingivalis growth and pathogenicity.
Keywords: DPP11; DPP4; DPP7; diabetes; dipeptidyl-peptidase; incretin; insulin; mass spectrometry; periodontal disease; substrate specificity.
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