The Reliability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Derived Corticomotor Inhibition as a Brain Health Evaluation Tool in Soccer Players

Thomas G Di Virgilio; Magdalena Ietswaart; Ragul Selvamoorthy; Angus M Hunter

doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00399-3

The Reliability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Derived Corticomotor Inhibition as a Brain Health Evaluation Tool in Soccer Players

Sports Med Open. 2022 Jan 14;8(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s40798-021-00399-3.

Authors

Thomas G Di Virgilio¹, Magdalena Ietswaart², Ragul Selvamoorthy³, Angus M Hunter³

Affiliations

¹ Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. td13@stir.ac.uk.
² Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
³ Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.

Abstract

Background: The suitability of corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability to measure brain health outcomes and recovery of sport-related head impact (concussion and subconcussion) depends on good inter-day reliability, which is evaluated in this study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reliability in soccer players is assessed by comparing soccer players, for whom reliability on this measure may be reduced due to exposure to head impacts, to generally active individuals not engaged in contact sport.

Methods: TMS-derived corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability were recorded from the rectus femoris muscle during two testing sessions, spaced 1-2 weeks apart in 19 soccer players (SOC-age 22 ± 3 years) and 20 generally active (CON-age 24 ± 4 years) healthy volunteers. Inter-day reliability between the two time points was quantified by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Intra-group reliability and group differences on actual measurement values were also explored.

Results: Good inter-day reliability was evident for corticomotor inhibition (ICC_SOC = 0.61; ICC_CON = 0.70) and corticospinal excitability (ICC_SOC = 0.59; ICC_CON = 0.70) in both generally active individuals and soccer players routinely exposed to sport-related head impacts. Corticomotor inhibition showed lower coefficients of variation than excitability for both groups (Inhib_SOC = 15.2%; Inhib_CON = 9.7%; Excitab_SOC = 41.6%; Excitab_CON = 39.5%). No group differences between soccer players and generally active individuals were found on the corticomotor inhibition value (p > 0.05), but levels of corticospinal excitability were significantly lower in soccer players (45.1 ± 20.8 vs 85.4 ± 6.2%Mmax, p < 0.0001). Corticomotor inhibition also showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87).

Conclusions: Corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability are stable and maintain good degrees of reliability when assessed over different days in soccer players, despite their routine exposure to head impacts. However, based on intra-group reliability and group differences of the levels of excitability, we conclude that corticomotor inhibition is best suited for the evaluation of neuromuscular alterations associated with head impacts in contact sports.

Keywords: Concussion; Diagnostics; Reliability; Soccer; Subconcussion; TMS.