Nanotechnology has attracted much attention recently because of its agricultural applications. In this study, we analyzed the ability of two potential nanomaterials (NMs), nanoscale silica platelets (NSP) and silver nanoparticles on nanoscale silica platelets (AgNP/NSP), to control Fusarium wilt [caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon)] disease in watermelon. Both AgNP/NSP and NSP significantly reduced Fon mycelial growth and spore viability. In addition, AgNP/NSP decreased the mycelium viability at concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed significant morphological effects on Fon cells, such as increased roughness and interior hollowing after AgNP/NSP and NSP treatments. Further, fluorescence staining experiments showed that a concomitant increase in membrane permeability occurred after treatment with NMs. The biochemical effects of NM treatment included a significant reduction in secreted cellulase activity. Interestingly, the addition of cysteine as a reducing agent decreased effects of NSP on Fon spores, suggesting suppression of Fon spore development attributable to oxidative stress. Taken together, these results indicate that AgNP/NSP and NSP may potentially serve as nanofungicides for future control of Fusarium wilt and other fungal diseases.
Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum; antifungal activity; nanomaterials; nanoscale silica platelets; silver nanoparticles; watermelon.