Impact of Performance Lower Than Expectations on Work Behaviors: The Moderating Effect of Status Mutability and Mediating Role of Regulatory Focus

Nilesh Kumar; Md Yahin Hossain; Yanghua Jin; Asif Ali Safeer; Ting Chen

doi:10.2147/PRBM.S342562

Impact of Performance Lower Than Expectations on Work Behaviors: The Moderating Effect of Status Mutability and Mediating Role of Regulatory Focus

Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021 Dec 31:14:2257-2270. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S342562. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Nilesh Kumar^{1

2}, Md Yahin Hossain^{2

3}, Yanghua Jin¹, Asif Ali Safeer⁴, Ting Chen¹

Affiliations

¹ School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
² School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
³ Department of Business Studies, University of Information Technology and Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
⁴ Business School, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei, People's Republic of China.

Abstract

Purpose: Drawing on social cognitive theory (SCT), this research aims to test the mediation of promotion focus motivation in between performance lower than expectations and innovative work behavior under the moderation of status hierarchy mutability. Further, low performance may also lead employees to counter-productivity through prevention focus. Thus, this study examines both sides of performance lower than expectations of the employee in the organization.

Methodology: The study considered a cross-sectional study and surveyed R&D departments of manufacturing firms located in China. In total, 340 employees in 65 teams participated in the survey. This study conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to test the reliability and validity of data and used hierarchical linear modeling to test the hypotheses via Mplus 7.3.

Findings: First, we reveal that employees' performance lower than expectations is positively linked with promotion focus regulation. Second, the study's outcomes reveal a positive indirect effect from employees' higher status mutability in the group toward innovative work behaviour through promotion focus motivation. At last, the study identified that performance lower than expectations has a positive indirect impact on counterproductive behaviour via prevention focus.

Practical implications: This research assists managers to understand the connection of stress between performances lower than expectations and the self-regulated motivation of the employee towards innovative behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Further, it recommends that leaders at different levels should understand that various reference groups inside and outside the organization pressurize employees' cognition. Therefore, certain steps and policies (eg, sensitive training, annual performance appraisal, feedback) must be taken into consideration to handle such self-regulatory behaviors.

Originality: This study is the earliest to examine the performance expectations as an antecedent of innovative work behavior and counterproductive work behavior through regulatory focus.

Keywords: counterproductive work behaviour; innovative work behaviour; performance lower than expectations; prevention focus; promotion focus; status hierarchy mutability.