Early psychological health outcomes among United States healthcare professionals, essential workers, and the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of occupational status

Ann Marie Warren; Monica Bennett; Valerie Danesh; Anthony Waddimba; Mario Tovar; Robert L Gottlieb; Mark B Powers

doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100005

Early psychological health outcomes among United States healthcare professionals, essential workers, and the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of occupational status

Psychiatry Res Commun. 2021 Dec;1(2):100005. doi: 10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100005. Epub 2021 Nov 1.

Authors

Ann Marie Warren^{1

2}, Monica Bennett², Valerie Danesh^{3

4}, Anthony Waddimba^{1

2

5}, Mario Tovar⁶, Robert L Gottlieb^{1

2}, Mark B Powers^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
² Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
³ Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA.
⁴ University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing, USA.
⁵ Health Systems Science, Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
⁶ Texas A&M School of Medicine, USA.

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to determine variations in psychological experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic among US healthcare workers, non-healthcare essential workers, and the general population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted online from June 22, 2020 to July 5, 2020, with 5,023 participants aged 18 years and older. The prevalence of fear of COVID-19 and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder were evaluated, using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-8, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to explore sociodemographic and COVID-19-related risk factors. Using models unadjusted for working status, it was found healthcare workers endorsed less fear of COVID-19, depression, and PTSD symptoms, than the general public. After adjusting for working status, no further significant differences were found between occupational groups. Across all psychological distress outcomes, those who were not working or were unemployed due to COVID-19 reported more symptoms than did individuals who continued to work from their normal location or remotely. A similar trend was found for nurses and physicians, with members of both groups reporting symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD less when working from their normal location than when unemployed due to COVID-19.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19 fear; Depression; PTSD.