Characterization of Acetonitrile Isotopologues as Vibrational Probes of Electrolytes

J Phys Chem B. 2022 Jan 13;126(1):278-291. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09572. Epub 2021 Dec 28.

Abstract

Acetonitrile has emerged as a solvent candidate for novel electrolyte formulations in metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors. It features a bright local C≡N stretch vibrational mode whose infrared (IR) signature is sensitive to battery-relevant cations (Li+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+) both in pure form and in the presence of water admixture across a full possible range of concentrations from the dilute to the superconcentrated regime. Stationary and time-resolved IR spectroscopy thus emerges as a natural tool to study site-specific intermolecular interactions from the solvent perspective without introducing an extrinsic probe that perturbs solution morphology and may not represent the intrinsic dynamics in these electrolytes. The metal-coordinated acetonitrile, water-separated metal-acetonitrile pair, and free solvent each have a distinct vibrational signature that allows their unambiguous differentiation. The IR band frequency of the metal-coordinated acetonitrile depends on the ion charge density. To study the ion transport dynamics, it is necessary to differentiate energy-transfer processes from structural interconversions in these electrolytes. Isotope labeling the solvent is a necessary prerequisite to separate these processes. We discuss the design principles and choice of the CD313CN label and characterize its vibrational spectroscopy in these electrolytes. The Fermi resonance between 13C≡N and C-D stretches complicates the spectral response but does not prevent its effective utilization. Time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) IR spectroscopy can be performed on a mixture of acetonitrile isotopologues and much can be learned about the structural dynamics of various species in these formulations.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Acetonitriles
  • Electrolytes*
  • Ions
  • Spectrophotometry, Infrared
  • Vibration*

Substances

  • Acetonitriles
  • Electrolytes
  • Ions