Effect of single and multilayered Ti3C2TX MXene as a catalyst and adsorbent on enhanced sonodegradation of diclofenac and verapamil

Sewoon Kim; Seong-Nam Nam; Chang Min Park; Min Jang; Nadar Taheri-Qazvini; Yeomin Yoon

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128120

Effect of single and multilayered Ti₃C₂T_X MXene as a catalyst and adsorbent on enhanced sonodegradation of diclofenac and verapamil

J Hazard Mater. 2022 Mar 15:426:128120. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128120. Epub 2021 Dec 21.

Authors

Sewoon Kim¹, Seong-Nam Nam², Chang Min Park³, Min Jang⁴, Nadar Taheri-Qazvini⁵, Yeomin Yoon⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
² Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Army Acamemy at Yeong-Cheon, 495 Hogook-ro, Kokyungmeon, Yeong-Cheon, Gyeongbuk 38900, Republic of Korea.
³ Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
⁴ Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
⁵ Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
⁶ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Electronic address: yoony@cec.sc.edu.

PMID: 34953257
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128120

Abstract

Single and multilayered Ti₃C₂T_X MXene (referred to as SLM and MLM in this study, respectively) was applied as catalysts in the ultrasonic (US) process to treat selected pharmaceutical compounds including diclofenac and verapamil (VRP). Due to solid surface, elemental composition, and functional groups of Ti₃C₂T_X MXene, the free OH• production was increased by 48.8% for the US treatment with SLM and 59.8% for the US treatment with MLM compared with the US-only treatment. Additionally, adsorption affected the performance during the US treatment in the presence of the catalyst. Thus, the US treatment in the presence of Ti₃C₂T_X MXene had an enhanced performance not only because of increased oxidation but also because of adsorption, particularly between positively charged VRP and negatively charged Ti₃C₂T_X MXene. Moreover, although the degradation of the performance was higher for SLM (85.1%) than for MLM (81.8%), by improving the dispersion and reducing the size via sonication, the US treatment in the presence of MLM showed the highest synergy effect. In other words, the US treatment in the presence of MLM showed higher performance than the simple sum of oxidation and adsorption. These findings confirm that the US treatment in the presence of MLM may be a promising technology to treat various pharmaceuticals as a more degradable, strongly reusable, and less toxic process.

Keywords: Adsorption; Catalyst; Pharmaceuticals; Ti(3)C(2)T(X) MXene; Ultrasonics.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

Adsorption
Diclofenac*
Oxidation-Reduction
Titanium*
Verapamil

Substances

Diclofenac
Verapamil
Titanium