FeCl3-Modified Carbonaceous Catalysts from Orange Peel for Solvent-Free Alpha-Pinene Oxidation

Adrianna Kamińska; Piotr Miądlicki; Karolina Kiełbasa; Jarosław Serafin; Joanna Sreńscek-Nazzal; Rafał Jan Wróbel; Agnieszka Wróblewska

doi:10.3390/ma14247729

FeCl₃-Modified Carbonaceous Catalysts from Orange Peel for Solvent-Free Alpha-Pinene Oxidation

Materials (Basel). 2021 Dec 14;14(24):7729. doi: 10.3390/ma14247729.

Authors

Adrianna Kamińska¹, Piotr Miądlicki¹, Karolina Kiełbasa¹, Jarosław Serafin², Joanna Sreńscek-Nazzal¹, Rafał Jan Wróbel¹, Agnieszka Wróblewska¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland.
² Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Energy Technologies, Technical University of Catalonia, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.

Abstract

The work presents the synthesis of FeCl₃-modified carbonaceous catalysts obtained from waste orange peel and their application in the oxidation of alpha-pinene in solvent-free reaction conditions. The use of waste orange peel as presented here (not described in the literature) is an effective and cheap way of managing this valuable and renewable biomass. FeCl₃-modified carbonaceous materials were obtained by a two-stage method: in the first stage, activated carbon was obtained, and in the second stage, it was modified by FeCl₃ in the presence of H₃PO₄ (three different molar ratios of these two compounds were used in the studies). The obtained FeCl_3-modified carbon materials were subjected to detailed instrumental studies using the methods FT-IR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), while the textural properties of these materials were also studied, such as the specific surface area and total pore volume. Catalytic tests with the three modified activated carbons showed that the catalyst obtained with the participation of 6 M of FeCl₃ and 3 M aqueous solutions of H₃PO₄ was the most active in the oxidation of alpha-pinene. Further tests (influence of temperature, amount of catalyst, and reaction time) with this catalyst made it possible to determine the most favorable conditions for conducting oxidation on this type of catalyst, and allowed study of the kinetics of this process. The most favorable conditions for the process were: temperature of 100 °C, catalyst content of 0.5 wt% and reaction time 120 min (very mild process conditions). The conversion of the organic raw material obtained under these conditions was 40 mol%, and the selectivity of the transformation to alpha-pinene oxide reached the value of 35 mol%. In addition to the epoxy compound, other valuable products, such as verbenone and verbenol, were formed while carrying out the process.

Keywords: alpha-pinene oxide; carbonaceous catalysts; iron compounds; oxidation of alpha-pinene; verbenol; verbenone.