Metformin Treatment or PRODH/POX-Knock out Similarly Induces Apoptosis by Reprograming of Amino Acid Metabolism, TCA, Urea Cycle and Pentose Phosphate Pathway in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Biomolecules. 2021 Dec 15;11(12):1888. doi: 10.3390/biom11121888.

Abstract

It has been considered that proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) is involved in antineoplastic activity of metformin (MET). The aim of this study is identification of key metabolites of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), tricarboxylic acids (TCA), urea cycles (UC) and some amino acids in MET-treated MCF-7 cells and PRODH/POX-knocked out MCF-7 (MCF-7crPOX) cells. MCF-7crPOX cells were generated by using CRISPR-Cas9. Targeted metabolomics was performed by LC-MS/MS/QqQ. Expression of pro-apoptotic proteins was evaluated by Western blot. In the absence of glutamine, MET treatment or PRODH/POX-knock out of MCF-7 cells contributed to similar inhibition of glycolysis (drastic increase in intracellular glucose and pyruvate) and increase in the utilization of phospho-enol-pyruvic acid, glucose-6-phosphate and some metabolites of TCA and UC, contributing to apoptosis. However, in the presence of glutamine, MET treatment or PRODH/POX-knock out of MCF-7 cells contributed to utilization of some studied metabolites (except glucose), facilitating pro-survival phenotype of MCF-7 cells in these conditions. It suggests that MET treatment or PRODH/POX-knock out induce similar metabolic effects (glucose starvation) and glycolysis is tightly linked to glutamine metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The data provide insight into mechanism of anticancer activity of MET as an approach to further studies on experimental breast cancer therapy.

Keywords: MCF-7crPOX cells; PRODH/POX; glutamine; lactic acid; metformin; proline.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Apoptosis
  • Breast Neoplasms / drug therapy
  • Breast Neoplasms / genetics
  • Breast Neoplasms / metabolism*
  • Chromatography, Liquid
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / drug effects
  • Gene Knockout Techniques
  • Glutamine / metabolism*
  • Glycolysis / drug effects
  • Humans
  • MCF-7 Cells
  • Metabolomics / methods*
  • Metformin / pharmacology*
  • Pentose Phosphate Pathway / drug effects
  • Proline Oxidase / genetics*
  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  • Tricarboxylic Acids / metabolism
  • Urea / metabolism

Substances

  • Tricarboxylic Acids
  • Glutamine
  • Urea
  • Metformin
  • Proline Oxidase
  • PRODH protein, human