Are used face masks handled as infectious waste? Novel pollution driven by the COVID-19 pandemic

Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah; Edna Pambour Agyemang; Paul Dankwa; Bernard Fei-Baffoe; Raymond Webrah Kazapoe; Nang Biyogue Douti

doi:10.1016/j.rcradv.2021.200062

Are used face masks handled as infectious waste? Novel pollution driven by the COVID-19 pandemic

Resour Conserv Recycl Adv. 2022 May:13:200062. doi: 10.1016/j.rcradv.2021.200062. Epub 2021 Nov 29.

Authors

Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah¹, Edna Pambour Agyemang², Paul Dankwa³, Bernard Fei-Baffoe¹, Raymond Webrah Kazapoe⁴, Nang Biyogue Douti³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
² Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
³ Department of Environmental Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.
⁴ Department of Geological Engineering, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.

Abstract

The extensive use of face masks has raised concerns about environmental pollution through improper disposal of used face masks after the emergence of COVID-19. The increasing use of PPEs to preventing the spread of COVID-19 has resulted in several environmental hazards, creating a new environmental barrier for solid waste management and worsened plastic pollution. This study aimed at assessing the occurrence and distribution of face masks in a metropolitan (Adum - Kumasi), municipal (Ejisu), community (Abenase) and an institution (KNUST) in Ghana. The study showed that a total of 535 face masks were numerated along a stretch of 1,720 m with a density ranging from 0.04 m to 0.42 m. A no significant relationship (P = 0.602) was established between the observation distances and the number of waste face masks numerated. The study also showed that for a 1% increase in the number of face masks on working days, there would be a 0.775% increase in non-working days. A review of literature showed that the disposal of used face masks results in the release of micro- and nano-plastics, Pb, Cu, Sb, Zn, Mn, Ti, Fe and Ca into environmental media. Plastic pollution may be a concern to ecosystems due to its persistence in the environment, lack of environmental awareness, sensitization and education, and poor waste management systems. To ensure a sustainable management of waste face masks, significant efforts are needed. These may include proper disposal, redesigning and producing masks from biodegradable materials, incorporating waste face masks into construction materials, and recycling PPE by pyrolyzing are suggested options for the effective management of face masks.

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; Disposal practices; Ecotoxicity; Face masks; Microplastics.