Establishment of Sunitinib-Resistant Xenograft Model of Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Identification of Drug-Resistant Hub Genes and Pathways

Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021 Dec 16:15:5061-5074. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S343718. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Introduction: Sunitinib is the first-line targeted drug for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but its therapeutic potential is limited by premature drug resistance. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, a sunitinib-resistant cell-derived xenograft (CDX) model of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in vivo was constructed in this study. The molecular mechanism of drug resistance was analyzed using sequencing and bioinformatics tools.

Methods: First, mice were injected subcutaneously with tumor cells 786-O to create tumors and were simultaneously treated with sunitinib. After three consecutive passages, a drug-resistant xenograft model was obtained. Then, key pathways and genes were identified via second-generation sequencing of the tissue and the examination of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with bioinformatics tools.

Results: Analysis of sequencing data revealed that 646 DEGs were upregulated and 465 were downregulated in the drug-resistant tissues when compared with the sensitive tissues. GO showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in angiogenesis, cell hypoxia response, and apoptosis. KEGG analysis demonstrated that the main pathways were PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, NF-kappa B, and MAPK. Modular analysis of the PPI network indicated that the GO and KEGG analyses of module 1 with the highest ranking were mainly related to ubiquitinase activity. Similarly, the GO and KEGG analyses of the top 10 hub genes were also chiefly linked to ubiquitinase activity. Then, comprehensive expression analysis of the hub genes, and finally, the genes BTRC and TRIM32 were identified, which were consistent in all observations.

Conclusion: In this study, through the construction of in vitro models and bioinformatics analysis, the important pathways and key genes related to ccRCC sunitinib resistance were discovered. Among them, ubiquitinase may play an important role in drug resistance and may be a potential therapeutic target and biomarker.

Keywords: ccRCC; drug resistance; sunitinib; ubiquitinase; xenograft model.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics
  • Carcinoma, Renal Cell / drug therapy*
  • Carcinoma, Renal Cell / genetics
  • Computational Biology
  • Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / genetics*
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
  • Gene Regulatory Networks
  • Kidney Neoplasms / drug therapy*
  • Kidney Neoplasms / genetics
  • Mice
  • Sunitinib / pharmacology*
  • Ubiquitin / physiology
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Ubiquitin
  • Sunitinib

Grants and funding

This work was supported by grants from Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No.2019A1515012199), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.81672534), Guangdong Science and Technology Department (Grant No.2020B1212060018), and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases (Grant No.2020B1111170006).