Background: The diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities and/or endoscopy for assessing complete response in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is unclear.
Purpose: To summarize existing evidence on the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, T2-weighted MR tumor regression grade, and/or endoscopy for assessing complete tumor response after nCRT.
Material and methods: MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive, and positive predictive values were retrieved from included studies.
Results: In total, 81 studies were eligible for inclusion. Evidence suggests that combined use of MRI and endoscopy tends to improve the diagnostic performance compared to single imaging modality. The positive predictive value of a complete response varies substantially between studies. There is considerable heterogeneity between studies.
Conclusion: Combined re-staging tends to improve diagnostic performance compared to single imaging modality, but the vast majority of studies fail to offer true clinical value due to the study heterogeneity.
Keywords: Abdomen; endoscopy; gastrointestinal; magnetic resonance imaging; oncology; primary neoplasms; radiation therapy; rectum.