Controlling an epidemiological model is often performed using optimal control theory techniques for which the solution depends on the equations of the controlled system, objective functional and possible state and/or control constraints. In this paper, we propose a model-free control approach based on an algorithm that operates in 'real-time' and drives the state solution according to a direct feedback on the state solution that is aimed to be minimized, and without knowing explicitly the equations of the controlled system. We consider a concrete epidemic problem of minimizing the number of HIV infected individuals, through the preventive measure pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) given to susceptible individuals. The solutions must satisfy control and mixed state-control constraints that represent the limitations on PrEP implementation. Our model-free based control algorithm allows to close the loop between the number of infected individuals with HIV and the supply of PrEP medication 'in real time', in such a manner that the number of infected individuals is asymptotically reduced and the number of individuals under PrEP medication remains below a fixed constant value. We prove the efficiency of our approach and compare the model-free control solutions with the ones obtained using a classical optimal control approach via Pontryagin maximum principle. The performed numerical simulations allow us to conclude that the model-free based control strategy highlights new and interesting performances compared with the classical optimal control approach.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS model; intelligent PID control; model-free control; real-time control; tracking.