Identification of At-risk Pregnant Population for Over-the-Counter Drug Usage in Low-Resource Settings

Aashima Arora; M Praveen Kumar; Aishwarya Anand; Lekha Saha; Pradip Kumar Saha; Ankit Kumar; Haresh Shendge; Amol N Patil

doi:10.1007/s13224-021-01481-2

Identification of At-risk Pregnant Population for Over-the-Counter Drug Usage in Low-Resource Settings

J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2021 Dec;71(6):600-608. doi: 10.1007/s13224-021-01481-2. Epub 2021 May 2.

Authors

Aashima Arora^#¹, M Praveen Kumar², Aishwarya Anand², Lekha Saha², Pradip Kumar Saha¹, Ankit Kumar², Haresh Shendge³, Amol N Patil²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
² Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
³ Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Sant Muktabai Principal General Hospital, Ghatkopar, Mumbai, 400084 India.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Objective: Nearly 1.5 billion people of an Asian country are living their lives without a country-specific over-the-counter (OTC) drug list. A study was planned to assess the understanding and practice of OTC medication consumption in the pregnant population.

Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study evaluating different perspectives on OTC drug consumption was planned in around 500 pregnant women attending tertiary care outpatient antenatal clinics. The association of knowledge, attitude and practice versus indications, knowledge regarding harmful effects possible, reasons for choosing OTC medication, the practice of consulting nonmedical persons and drug interactions with the disease or prescription medications was determined. Regression analysis was performed in statistical software R.

Results: Seven percent (36/516) of pregnant women were found to consume oral antimicrobials without prescription. Local chemist consultation was the most common channel (72.48%) to procure the OTC medicines. Participants with good knowledge score showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.87 (95% C.I.; 1.28-2.73), 1.6 (95% C.I.; 0.99-2.63), 1.66 (95% C.I.; 1.14-2.42) and 2.66 (95% C.I.; 1.49-4.89) for self-medication encouragement tendency possible, restricting sale of OTC medications, the habit of reading drug leaflets and understanding the potentially harmful effects, with OTC drugs, respectively. Right-attitude participants showed an OR of 1.89 (95% C.I.; 1.29-2.80) and 1.8 (95% C.I.; 1.19-2.76) for identifying knowledge of acetaminophen overdose and liver damage link as well as the disease symptom masking possibility with OTC, respectively. Participants with insufficient knowledge and attitude scores showed an association with more OTC antacid-antiemetics and analgesic use, respectively.

Conclusion: Antenatal pregnant women need to be guided on avoiding OTC antimicrobial usage. Both obstetricians and regulators have to play an active role in educating pregnant women and contributing to developing country-specific OTC drug lists with the guidelines.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13224-021-01481-2.

Keywords: Attitude; Developing country; Knowledge; Over-the-counter medicines; Pharmacoepidemiology; Practice; Pregnancy.