In order to clarify the mechanisms underlying dryland wheat quality improvement through sowing technology, the effects of wide space sowing (WSS), furrow sowing (FS), and drill sowing (DS) on soil moisture dynamics and grain protein formation in dryland wheat field were studied in Wenxi, Shanxi Province in 2017-2018 (normal year) and 2018-2019 (dry year). The results showed that compared with the DS, FS significantly increased soil water storage in the 0-200 cm depth at anthesis stage (8.2%-18.7%), and increased the soil water storage in 0-60 cm layer during the two years, 60-120 cm layer in normal year, and 120-200 cm layer in dry year. WSS significantly increased soil water storage in 0-200 cm layer at anthesis stage in normal year (5.2%). Compared with DS, FS significantly increased water consumption of anthesis to mature stage, while WSS significantly increased water consumption from sowing to anthesis stage in dry year. Compared with DS, the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity of grains at 15-35 days after anthesis was significantly increased by FS and WSS, while the glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity of flag leaves and grains at 5-35 days after anthesis was significantly increased by FS in the dry year. Compared with DS, FS significantly increased grain yield by 20.4%-44.8%, grain protein yield by 25%-49%, and increased grain albumin and globulin contents. WSS significantly increased grain yield by 9%-40%, and increased grain gliadin content. Under different sowing modes of dryland wheat, GS and GOGAT activities in flag leaves and grains after anthesis were significantly correlated with water consumption at anthesis to maturity stage. There were significant correlations between GS and GOGAT activities in flag leaves and grains and 0-120 cm soil layers in the normal water year, and between GS and GOGAT activities and 0-60 cm, 120-200 cm soil layers in the dry year. The contents of grain albumin, globulin and total protein were significantly correlated with soil water storage in 0-60 cm layer at anthesis stage, as well as soil water storage in 120-200 cm layer at anthesis stage in the dry year. In conclusion, FS was beneficial to increasing soil water storage at anthesis and water consumption after anthesis of dryland wheat, improving GS and GOGAT activities of flag leaf and grain, with positive consequences on yield and grain protein content. In addition, deep water storage was more conducive to quality improvement in the late growth period in the dry year.
为明确旱地小麦品质提升的播种技术及其机理,于2017—2018年(平水年)、2018—2019年(欠水年)在山西闻喜开展宽幅播种、探墒沟播和常规条播对旱地麦田土壤水分变化和籽粒蛋白质形成影响的研究。结果表明: 与常规条播相比,探墒沟播显著提高了开花期0～200 cm土壤蓄水量(增幅8.2%～18.7%),其中提高了两年度0～60 cm土层,平水年60～120 cm土层,欠水年120～200 cm土层土壤蓄水量;宽幅播种显著提高了平水年开花期0～200 cm土壤蓄水量(增幅5.2%)。探墒沟播显著提高了开花-成熟阶段耗水量,宽幅播种显著提高了欠水年播种-开花阶段耗水量。探墒沟播和宽幅播种显著提高了花后15～35 d籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,探墒沟播还显著提高了欠水年花后5～35 d旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性。探墒沟播显著提高了产量(增幅20.4%～44.8%),籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白含量,籽粒蛋白质含量(增幅3.1%～5.8%)和蛋白质产量(增幅25%～49%);宽幅播种显著提高了产量(增幅9%～40%)和籽粒醇溶蛋白含量。旱地小麦不同播种方式下,花后旗叶和籽粒GS、GOGAT活性与开花-成熟阶段耗水量呈显著相关,且与平水年开花期0～120 cm土层和欠水年开花期0～60、120～200 cm土层土壤蓄水量呈显著相关;籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白和总蛋白质含量均与开花期0～60 cm土层土壤蓄水量呈显著相关,欠水年还与开花期120～200 cm土层土壤蓄水量呈显著相关。总之,探墒沟播有利于提高旱地小麦开花期土壤蓄水量和花后耗水量,提高旗叶和籽粒GS、GOGAT活性,从而提高产量和籽粒蛋白质含量,且欠水年生育后期深层土壤蓄水更有利于小麦品质提升。.
Keywords: furrow sowing; grain protein.; nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity; soil water consumption; dryland wheat.