Effect of carbon nanotubes loading and pressure on the performance of a polyethersulfone (PES)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) membrane

Mlungisi Martin Ngoma; Machodi Mathaba; Kapil Moothi

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03042-z

Effect of carbon nanotubes loading and pressure on the performance of a polyethersulfone (PES)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) membrane

Sci Rep. 2021 Dec 10;11(1):23805. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03042-z.

Authors

Mlungisi Martin Ngoma¹, Machodi Mathaba², Kapil Moothi³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa. ngoma.mlungisi@gmail.com.
² Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa. mmathaba@uj.ac.za.
³ Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.

Abstract

This paper focuses on modifying a PES membrane with acid-functionalised carbon nanotubes (CNT) for industrial wastewater treatment. Embedding acid functionalised carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within the membrane matrix would increase the membrane flux by increasing the membrane pore size and surface area, rejection and thermal stability. Pure PES membranes were prepared by phase inversion method and infused with CNTs at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt% loading to fabricate PES/2.5 wt% CNT, PES/5 wt% CNT, PES/7.5 wt% CNT and PES/10 wt% CNT membranes respectively. Characterisation was performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine CNT morphology, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the functional groups attached to CNTs, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal stability of the membranes, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine membrane morphology, Bunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method to obtain pore size information and Contact Angle (CA) to determine the membrane hydrophilicity. Membrane performance was then evaluated with a dead-end stirred cell using industrial wastewater containing traces of Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cl. Permeate flux results showed a direct proportion relationship with increasing CNT loading and increasing pressure (100 kPa, 300 kPa, 500 kPa, 700 kPa, 900 kPa and 1100 kPa). PES/5 wt% CNT membrane showed the most enhanced performance compared to the other membranes, achieving reasonably high flux of 43.7 L/m²h and rejection of 89.6% Cu, 100% Fe, 90.5% Ni, 68.8% Zn and 99.99% Cl at 300 kPa. The results obtained showed that the PES membrane embedded with functionalised CNTs could be used for the treatment of industrial wastewater.