Prognostic Value of Lymph Node Ratio in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Systematic Review

Jaffar Khan; Asad Ullah; Nathaniel Matolo; Abdul Waheed; Noor Nama; Nitasha Sharma; Kalyani Ballur; Lauren Gilstrap; Sohni G Singh; Intisar Ghleilib; Joseph White; Frederick D Cason

doi:10.7759/cureus.19117

Prognostic Value of Lymph Node Ratio in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Systematic Review

Cureus. 2021 Oct 29;13(10):e19117. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19117. eCollection 2021 Oct.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
² Pathology, Medical College of Georgia - Augusta University, Augusta, USA.
³ Surgical Oncology, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, USA.
⁴ Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, USA.
⁵ Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bolan Medical College Complex Hospital Quetta, Quetta, PAK.
⁶ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Georgia - Augusta University, Augusta, USA.

Abstract

The prognosis of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is based on the histological characteristics of the primary tumor, such as Breslow depth, ulceration, and mitotic rate. The lymph node ratio (LNR) is the ratio of the involved lymph nodes (LNs) divided by the total number of LNs removed during regional LN dissection. LNR is a prognostic factor for many solid tumors; however, controversies exist regarding CM. This study sought to analyze the role of LNR as a prognostic factor in CM. An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials from January 1966 to July 2015. The keywords included in the search were CM and inclusion of the ratio of positive to the total number of LNs as a prognostic factor. The outcomes analyzed included the number of patients with positive LNs, type of survival analysis, and results from the multivariate analysis. A total of 11 studies involving 12,011 patients with positive LNs were evaluated. No previous randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews were identified in the Cochrane database on the prognostic value of LNR in CM. The primary electronic database search resulted in 333 full-text articles. The LN location examined was the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions in all studies except for one that examined only the inguinal region. All studies except three studied the prognostic value of the LNR as a categorical variable rather than a continuous variable. LNR was categorized as A (≤0.1), B (0.11-0.25), and C (>0.25). All studies identified LNR as an independent predictor of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), or disease-specific survival (DSS). The hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval (CI) associated with either DFS or OS were available only in a few studies. Moreover, pooled HR for OS was 2.08 (95% CI: 1.48 2.92), for DFS was 1.364 (95% CI: 0.92-2.02), and for DSS was 1.643 (95% CI: 0.89-3.0). The LNR provides superior prognostic stratification among patients with CM. Additional adequately powered prospective studies are needed to further define the role of LNR and be included in the staging system of CM and direct adjuvant therapy.

Keywords: age group; cutaneous; lymph node ratio; melanoma; metastatic disease; overall survival; prognosis.

Publication types

Review