Ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions optimisation using response surface methodology from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves

Fazila Zakaria; Jen-Kit Tan; Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi; Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman; Siti Efliza Ashari

doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105851

Ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions optimisation using response surface methodology from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves

Ultrason Sonochem. 2021 Dec:81:105851. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105851. Epub 2021 Nov 30.

Authors

Fazila Zakaria¹, Jen-Kit Tan², Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi³, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman¹, Siti Efliza Ashari⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
² Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
³ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: ctefliza@upm.edu.my.

Abstract

The optimisation of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method was investigated by employing the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The UAE method was based on a simple ultrasound treatment using methanol as the extraction medium to facilitate the cell disruption of Mitragyna speciosa leaves for optimum extraction yield and Total Phenolic Content (TPC). Three different parameters comprising extraction temperature (X₁: 25-50 °C), sonication time (X₂: 15-50 min), and solvent to solid ratio (X₃: 10-30 mL/g), and were selected as the independent variables, while two response variables were selected, namely extraction yield (Y₁) and TPC (Y₂). Based on the results, the developed quadratic polynomial model correlated with the experimental data is based on the coefficient of determination (R²) of extraction yield (0.9972, p < 0.0001) and TPC (0.9553, p < 0.0001). At 25 °C, 15 min sonication time, and 10 mL/g of solvent to solid ratio, the optimal conditions recorded an extraction yield and TPC of 22.69% and 143.51 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively. Furthermore, the actual response and the predicted values of the developed models correlated with each other as the Residual Standard Error (RSE) values were <5%. Meanwhile, the Liquid Chromatography- tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to characterise the optimised M. speciosa extract and revealed the presence of major phytochemicals, including catechin, rutin, kaempferol, coumarin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid. These compounds could exhibit certain therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant. Therefore, the findings in this study supported the suggestion that the various available bioactive compounds besides alkaloids contributed to the bioactive properties in M. speciosa, making it an effective traditional herbal medicine to treat various illnesses.

Keywords: Extraction yield; LC-MS/MS; Mitragyna Speciosa; Phytochemical compound; Response surface methodology; Total phenolic content; Ultrasound-assisted extraction.