Biomonitoring of urinary metals in athletes according to particulate matter air pollution before and after exercise

Abstract

Exposure to air pollution during physical exercise is a health issue because fine particulate matter (dimension < 10 μm; PM₁₀) includes several inhalable toxic metals. Body metal changes in athletes according to air pollution are poorly known. Urinary concentrations of 15 metals: beryllium (Be⁹), aluminum (Al²⁷), vanadium (V⁵¹), chromium (Cr⁵¹ + Cr⁵²), manganese (Mn⁵⁵), cobalt (Co⁵⁹), nickel (Ni⁶¹), copper (Cu⁶³), zinc (Zn⁶¹), arsenic (As⁷⁵), selenium (Se⁸²), cadmium (Cd¹¹¹ + Cd¹¹²), thallium (Tl¹²⁵), lead (Pb²⁰⁷), and uranium (U²³⁸) were measured before and after ten 2-h training sessions in 8 non-professional Italian American-football players (18-28 years old, body mass index 24.2-33.6 kg/m²). Collectively, post-training sessions, urinary concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl, and Zn were higher than pre-training sessions; Al, Be, Cr, and U did not change; conversely, V decreased. Subdividing training sessions according to air PM₁₀ levels: low (< 20 μg/m³), medium (20-40 μg/m³), and high (> 40 μg/m³), pre-session and post-session urinary concentrations of Be, Cd, Cu, and Tl were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in more polluted days, whereas V concentrations were lower (p < 0.001). All the remaining metals were unaffected. We first showed that PM₁₀ levels modulate urinary excretion of some toxic metals suggesting an effect of air pollution. The effects of toxic metals inhaled by athletes exercising in polluted air need further studies.

Keywords: Air pollution; American football; Athletes; Heavy metals; Particulate matter; Physical exercise; Urinary metals.