Overexpression of various pro-inflammatory factors in microglial cells tends to induce neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is no effective therapy available. Aureonitol (1) and seven analogues, including six previously undescribed [elatumenol A-F (2-4, 6-8, respectively)], along with two new orsellinic acid esters [elatumone A and B (9 and 10)], were isolated from Chaetomium elatum. The structures of the compounds were established through comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including high-resolution mass spectra and one- and two-dimensional NMR, and absolute configurations determined by the Mosher method, dimolybdenum tetraacetate-induced circular dichroism, and theoretical calculations including electronic circular dichroism and NMR. Metabolites 3, 4, 7, and 8 exhibited antineuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and reactive oxygen species. Western blot results indicated 8 decreases the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 and suppresses the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) as well as the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglial cells.