Background Anemia or low hemoglobin can increase the risk of stroke. However, the association between hemoglobin and outcomes after stroke is uncertain. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between hemoglobin and clinical outcomes, including mortality, poor functional outcome, stroke recurrence, and composite vascular events at 1 year. Methods and Results We included the patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack from the Third China National Stroke Registry. We used the Cox model for mortality, stroke recurrence, and composite vascular events and the logistic model for the poor functional outcome to examine the relationship between hemoglobin and clinical outcomes. In addition, we used the restricted cubic spline to evaluate the nonlinear relationship. This study included 14 159 patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. After adjusted for potential cofounders, both anemia and high hemoglobin were associated with the higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.73; 95% CI, 1.39-2.15; HR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.95-3.76) and poor functional outcome (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.18-1.57; OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07-1.87). High hemoglobin, but not anemia, increased the risk of stroke recurrence (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.79) and composite vascular events (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.08-1.83). There was a U-shaped relationship between hemoglobin and mortality and poor functional outcome. Conclusions Abnormal hemoglobin was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality, poor functional outcome, stroke recurrence, and composite vascular events. More well-designed clinical studies are needed to confirm the relationship between hemoglobin and clinical outcomes after stroke.
Keywords: anemia; functional outcome; hemoglobin; mortality; recurrence; stroke.