31 Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-MRS) has been shown to detect altered energetic status (e.g. the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine: Pi/PCr), intracellular acid-base status, and free intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+ ]) in dystrophic muscle compared with unaffected muscle; however, the causes of these differences are not well understood. The purposes of this study were to examine 31 P-MRS indices of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity in young mdx mice compared with wild-type and to evaluate the effects of downhill running to induce muscle damage on 31 P-MRS indices in dystrophic muscle. In vivo 31 P-MRS spectra were acquired from the posterior hindlimb muscles in young (4-10 weeks of age) mdx (C57BL/10ScSn-DMDmdx) and wild-type (C57BL/10ScSnJ) mice using an 11.1-T MR system. The flux of phosphate from PCr to ATP was estimated by 31 P-MRS saturation transfer experiments. Relative concentrations of high-energy phosphates were measured, and intracellular pH and [Mg2+ ] were calculated. 1 H2 O-T2 was measured using single-voxel 1 H-MRS from the gastrocnemius and soleus using a 4.7-T MR system. Downhill treadmill running was performed in a subset of mice. Young mdx mice were characterized by elevated 1 H2 O-T2 (p < 0.01), Pi/PCr (p = 0.02), PCr to ATP flux (p = 0.04) and histological inflammatory markers (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.01) [Mg2+ ] compared with wild-type. Furthermore, 24 h after downhill running, an increase (p = 0.02) in Pi/PCr was observed in mdx and wild-type mice compared with baseline, and a decrease (p < 0.001) in [Mg2+ ] and a lower (p = 0.048) intracellular [H+ ] in damaged muscle regions of mdx mice were observed, consistent with impaired sarcolemma integrity. Overall, our findings demonstrate that 31 P-MRS markers of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity are altered in young mdx compared with wild-type mice, and these indices are exacerbated following downhill running.
Keywords: downhill running; energetics; inflammation; mdx; muscle damage; muscular dystrophy.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.