Objective: To present a case of possible paralysis from early modern Vilnius and to discuss the potential level of care that was provided in the society of that time.
Materials: A partially disturbed skeleton of a young female from a 16th-17th century Orthodox Christian cemetery.
Methods: Macroscopic, osteometric and X-ray examinations coupled with a literature review aimed at providing a differential diagnosis.
Results: The skeletal remains showed signs of disuse atrophy most probably due to a neurological disorder acquired in the woman's late teens. Differentials suggest that the observed limb atrophy was most likely a consequence of poliomyelitis.
Conclusions: The case of a young female with paralysis presented in this paper could serve as an example of care provided by her household.
Significance: This study substantially contributes to further understanding of the nature and quality of care provided to disabled individuals in their households even in the absence of written sources.
Limitations: There is a degree of diagnostic ambiguity due to the application of routine clinical criteria to paleopathological cases.
Suggestions for further research: The article makes several recommendations for future research, e.g., systematic investigation of possible cases of bone atrophy in a broader sociocultural context, as well as searching for evidence of gastrointestinal infections, especially poliomyelitis, supplemented by the application of biomolecular technologies.
Keywords: Bioarcheology; Bone atrophy; Disability; Early modern Lithuania; Poliomyelitis.
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