1 Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
2 McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
4 Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Obstetrics and 'Experimental Obstetrics', Berlin, Germany.
5 Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
6 Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
7 Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
8 Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Obstetrics and 'Experimental Obstetrics', Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Micro-biology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
9 Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Human and Translational Immunology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA.
10 The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
11 Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
12 Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
13 Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
14 Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
15 Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
16 APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
17 Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Electronic address: sloboda@mcmaster.ca.