Vibrating boron-doped diamond electrode: A new, durable and highly sensitive tool for the detection of cadmium

Adam Morris; Núria Serrano; José Manuel Díaz-Cruz; Avi Bendavid; Miao Chen; Mikko Vepsäläinen

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2021.339166

Vibrating boron-doped diamond electrode: A new, durable and highly sensitive tool for the detection of cadmium

Anal Chim Acta. 2021 Dec 15:1188:339166. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339166. Epub 2021 Oct 15.

Authors

Adam Morris¹, Núria Serrano², José Manuel Díaz-Cruz³, Avi Bendavid⁴, Miao Chen¹, Mikko Vepsäläinen⁵

Affiliations

¹ CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, 3169, Australia.
² Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: nuria.serrano@ub.edu.
³ Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴ CSIRO Manufacturing, 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, New South Wales, 2070, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW, Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
⁵ CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria, 3169, Australia; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, VTT, Finland. Electronic address: mikko.vepsalainen@vtt.fi.

PMID: 34794577
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339166

Abstract

In this paper, a vibrating boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode electroanalytical device and respective method for the analysis of ultralow concentrations of Cd(II) in water were studied. The enhanced mass transfer on the electrode surface was studied using Ru(NH₃)₆Cl₃. Vibration with 133 Hz frequency enhanced the Ru(III) to Ru(II) reduction by 92.6% compared to a static electrode. The peak current of the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) method employed was increased by a factor of 5.3 and 4.7 for 10 and 30 μg L^-1 Cd(II) concentrations, respectively, when a frequency of 200 Hz was used. A calibration plot with two linear regions was resolved between 0.01 and 1 μg L^-1 and 1-30 μg L^-1 with the LOD and LOQ of 0.04 μg L^-1 and 0.12 μg L^-1, respectively. The applicability of the device and the respective method in the analysis of real environmental samples was successfully verified by analysis of river samples and comparing the results with the ICP analysis presenting high reproducibility and trueness. According to the results of this research, the vibrating BDD electrode with the ASV method has excellent analytical performance without surface modification or regular replacement or polishing of the electrode surface. Combining the exceptional electrochemical and chemical properties of BDD with enhanced mass transfer and signal strength of vibrating electrodes makes the system especially suitable for on-site and online analysis of heavy metals.

Keywords: Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV); Cadmium; Ultra-trace analysis; Vibrating boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode; Voltammetric sensor.

MeSH terms

Boron*
Cadmium
Electrodes
Metals, Heavy*
Reproducibility of Results

Substances

Metals, Heavy
Cadmium
Boron