Combined TGFβ/PD-L1 inhibition is currently undergoing clinical trials in multiple cancer types. The early reported clinical trials of bintrafusp alfa, a bifunctional fusion protein targeting both of these pathways, have had mixed results. Here, we briefly review recent preclinical advances that can be used to refine these ongoing clinical trials and improve their outcomes.
Keywords: PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade; TGFβ inhibition; clinical trials; immunotherapy; squamous cell carcinoma.
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