Abstract
The balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses is maintained through immunoregulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an inhibitory cytokine that belongs to the IL-12 family, is capable of potently suppressing T cell proliferation and inducing IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cells (iTr35) to limit inflammatory responses. Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have indicated that IL-35 plays an important role in controlling immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the biology of IL-35 and its contribution in different diseases, and we discuss the potential of and barriers to harnessing IL-35 as a clinical biomarker or immunotherapy.
Keywords:
IL-35; autoimmune diseases; cancer; infection.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Arthritis, Rheumatoid / metabolism
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Atherosclerosis / metabolism
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Autoimmune Diseases / immunology
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Autoimmunity
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Biomarkers / metabolism
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Cell Proliferation
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Communicable Diseases / metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / metabolism
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Gene Expression Regulation
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Humans
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Immune System Diseases
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Immunotherapy
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Inflammation / metabolism*
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Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / metabolism
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Interleukin-12 Subunit p35 / blood
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Interleukins / chemistry*
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Interleukins / immunology
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Interleukins / physiology*
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Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / metabolism
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Lymphocyte Activation
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Multiple Sclerosis / metabolism
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Neoplasms / metabolism
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Signal Transduction
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T-Lymphocytes / chemistry
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T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / immunology
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Tumor Microenvironment
Substances
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Biomarkers
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IL12A protein, human
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Interleukin-12 Subunit p35
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Interleukins
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interleukin-35, human